This small Japanese Maple was started from a cutting. At some point I will air-layer the top half to make two smaller trees.

This old Japanese maple only requires minor adjustments. I removed any wire left from last year and I added some more in areas where the branch positioning needs corrections.

This is my only Japanese Red Pine seedling. I thinned the outer growth so that the inner buds receive ample light and air.

Here are some pictures of my American Larches this spring. They are the most beautiful at this time of the year when buds are opening.

I built my first heated shelter for my most cold sensitive bonsais. I used treated wood, concrete blocks, rigid insulation boards and an STC-1000 thermostat. Two light bulbs and two seedling heating mats serve as the heat source. The outer dimensions are 7’ large by 8’ deep and 5’ high.

Thinning a Thuya occidentalis. The inner branches were shaded by the outer foliage.

Defoliating two Trident Maples, a shohin and a forest.

Partial defoliation of three Japanese Maples. A small, a medium and a large one. I cut to one or two nodes, keep one leaf per pair and reduce the size of larger leaves.

This small Red Maple was trained from a small seedling collected in the forest. It will become a beautiful little bunjin.

The last time I repotted my Crabapple, I kept two roots to try root cuttings. I planted them directly in a mix of Akadama and Chabasai.

I created those two Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis) group plantings two years ago from seeds. Early May, I repot them in training pots and reposition some trunks.

Today is May 31, 2023 and the temperature reached 32 C in Montreal and the forecast for tomorrow is 34 C. May was in my memories the month of the buds opening and the return of the migratory birds.

Now the trees are already enduring a heat wave while the leaves have not hardened yet. The beech has burn marks on some leaves and I installed the 50% sun screen in a hurry.

I had the very bad surprise to discover a colony of mealy bugs hidden underneath the bark. The small insects found a nice spot to overwinter. I start by removing them before wiring the tree.

Last year I air-layered a branch from a Magnolia liliflora ‘Susan’. What a surprise to see it flower this spring in my house.

I did not know what to do with that long branch on this young Japanese Black Pine, so I styled it into my very first cascade ! The buds are ready to open but I wait for the spring season rains to end before taking them outside. Those conditions are too favorable for fungal infections on pines.

I sowed those Black Birch seedlings two years ago. Since I did not know what to do with them, I decided to have fun and created a new forest!

I started those Ginkgo biloba seedlings about 4 years ago. After only two years the pot is root-bound and I had to repot.

This Crabapple was created from a small cutting a few years ago. After two years in its training pot it really needed a repot because of draining issues. I decided to offer this tree its very first bonsai pot.

I named that Mountain Maple in a raft style “Hallucigenia”. This strange name refers to a worm living in the Cambrian seas 500 millions years ago that had multiple legs and spines. Collected in spring 2022, I carve the main trunk to start its healing and wire out the main leaders from this mess.

I styled and repotted this prunus. The previous owner did not remember if it was an almond tree or a Japanese apricot. We will have to wait for its blooms to know. I repotted the tree in the same pot since water was not draining well anymore even if the container size is appropriate.

Even though I repotted this American Beech only one year ago, I opted for a repot again this spring because of the following reasons.

This is the first time that I venture into the colanders experiment as a container. They should stimulate growth while preventing roots from spiraling around the pot. Let’s meet in two years to evaluate the results!

I experiment with this Japanese Maple ‘Tamukeyama’ since 2015. The nebari is already fractal but the branching structure still needs to be built. This spring 2023 I grafted two new branches mid-way along the trunk and air-layered the top half to compact the tree.

On this Magnolia x loebneri ‘Leonard Messel’ I tried two self-grafting methods: approach grafting and thread grafting. I also wired the tree and cut two roots that grew above the nebari within the pot.

I sowed those Japanese Black Pines 5 or 6 years ago. I am not in a hurry and did not push their growth using large pots or overfertilization. What they do not show in caliber, they bear in character and ramification.

This is one of my favorite trees at the moment. This three-trunk Japanese Maple evoques to me the fagility and the opportunity on the river bank.

I am responsible of this tree since two years. I did a light pruning and wiring to position the branches in the right place and favor the weaker trunks.

A small Black Birch forest created with 2 years old seedlings from 2021. This composition will be stunning when the bark starts to exfoliate.

This small Korean Hornbeam was purchased in 2021 from a local master, and it was created from seed. I shortened the head and wired all shoots to create a more ascending canopy.

This small pomegranate of a dwarf variety (Punica granatum ’nana’) is now 5 or 6 years old. Matthiew Quinn gave me 5 seeds and only one germinated.

This Ginkgo biloba group planting was created in 2021. Last spring I removed all terminal buds thinking that the axillary buds would grow lateral shoots. Instead, all trees remained static and only produced leaves swirls last year. Let’s see if this year they will finally grow lateral shoots.

This small American Beech sapling was collected in a forest 4 years ago, in 2019. It is still mainly bidimensional and I will develop its back branching in the coming years.

This young Trident Maple forest was created in spring 2020 from 2 years-old seedlings (link to the article from 2020). The trees are now 5 years old from seeds.

Wiring and styling a medium Trident Maple. The moss was grown during the last growing season only.

This Larch was grown by me from a seedling 15 years ago and it starts only to become a true bonsai. Last year it was put in a bonsai pot for the first time, slowing its growth rate and initiating its refinement phase.

I sowed this Japanese Black Pine 12 years ago. After two years of growth it is ready for a styling. I removed most needles to balance the energy across all shoots. This will also let air and light reach the internal buds. Finally it is wired and I keep two sacrifice branches to thicken the trunk.

Ginkgo biloba group plantings started from seeds three years ago. This species takes time to ramify.

White Birch group plantings started four years ago from seeds.

Here are some pictures taken in October when the trees show their most interesting colors. I hope that those images will encourage you to grow bonsai!

Defoliation, pruning and wiring on a triple-trunk Acer palmatum.

I had the opportunity to attend a two-days workshop with bonsai master François Jeker on November 4 and 6, organized by the Société de Bonsaï et de Penjing de Montréal. Here is the tree that I evolved under the supervision of Mr. Jeker, a collected larch that I had been growing since 2015.

Forests and group plantings move me more and more.

Multiple trees grouped together in a small pot speak of a common destiny. Their roots and mycorrhizae fuse together and inspire cooperation and dependance.

Their slender trunks with sparse branching evoque the simplicity and fagility of life.

I have only a few kusamonos and this is my preferred one. It is a composition with a miniature Rose, a Dianthus and mosses that was created during a workshop with Young Choe.

I frequently build wooden boxes for my collected trees. I upcycle reclaimed wood and the design is always the same. The dimensions are calculated based on the roots volume.

I built this wall cabinet with the purpose to store my tools and some pots. The frame and shelves are handmade with baltic birch plywood while the doors and hinges were sourced from IKEA.

I took five air-layers on an European hornbeam planted on the street in front of my house and only one succeeded.

Here is how I air-layered a small Magnolia liliflora ‘Susan’ that was planted in front of my house.

When cutting wood pieces for a window sill project, I could not help but wonder the genius of plants. Dryed wood is composed at 96 % of only three elements: carbon (45 %), oxygen (45%) and hydrogen (6%). Trees harvest those atoms from the CO2 in the air and the H2O pumped by the roots.

A bonsai artist must face during his apprenticeship, like in any art forms, a high level of failures before mastering its techniques. Today I share one of those mistakes so that I do not repeat it again.

Even if Beeches tolerate full sun, they largely prefer to grow under the canopy, protected from the scorching sun by the other established trees. I was lucky until today but the last heat wave burned my tree.

I collected those two Mountain Maples this spring in the forest.

My contribution to the 2022 edition of the SBPM - Société de Bonsaï et de Penjing de Montréal.

This is the second bench model and the third bench I built this summer. It has a very stable height to width ratio to withstand strong winds as my bonsai garden is located on the roof.

I collected this Spruce in 2014 (to see older pictures of the tree). This spring I reduced the growth to two per junction and applied a small amount of wire. Some lower branches were removed.

Bonsai is typically defined as a compact and tortured tree with a heavy trunk. However I was always drawn to pictures showing slender and small trunks bearing flowers. As if youth and wisdom had encountered for a short time lapse.

I finally succeeded to create this image using root cuttings from an older crabapple tree. Most fruiting trees will only flower after 10 to 15 years from seed.

Every spring I impatiently wait for the flowering of this crabapple. Mid-May it becomes a living bouquet.

Buds appear in tight clusters before they start to grow and look like boxing gloves. Only then begins the floral show.

A constellation of starry flowers.

Even though it resembles Acer palmatum with its palmate leaves, Acer shirasawanum is a distinct species that can be identified by its erect flowers.

This Eastern Hemlock was collected in a forest and planted in a wooden box filled with perlite, without disturbing the roots. After three years the perlite has become a compact soil with poor drainage. It was time to reduce the rootball and transition into a training pot that is easier to handle.

The flower clusters of Acer palmatum dissectum ‘Tamukeyama’ appear as if they were made of satin. The tree ignites itself in the morning sun.

Repotting Eastern Redbud (Cercis canadensis) seedlings that are one year-old. I cut the tap root to develop radial roots.

Those one year-old Oak seedlings were repotted into individual pots or in group plantings. I cut the tap root and add some movement.

I finally decided to build bonsai benches for my rooftop garden. Before that the pots were simply laying on the roof or onto wooden pallets. Located under the sun shade it will be easier to care for my trees.

This small Larch was purchased as a seedling from Yves Létourneau in 2010.It was always cultivated in containers. 12 years later it becomes a shohin with its first ceramics. Year after year changes are incremental, almost noticeable. Another layer of cambium becomes xylem, another branch bifurcation increases entropy. Fissures appear on the bark. 12 years to build a tree. This is only the beginning of its journey.

This old Larch was collected in a distant land and has know cold winters. I am his protector since 2015. This tree was initially parallel to the ground and it took two repottings to straighten the trunk and sever the roots that emerged halfway along the trunk. I now focus on the ramification and developing the apex. The uppermost branches will be changed into jin when the desired shape and development is achieved.

Magnificent and ephemerous spectacle
A winter long of constraints
revealed in tender leaves
Birch has many subtleties

Aspen is a dioecious tree, meaning that they will grow either male of female flowers but not both on the same individual. This sapling produced flowers for the first time revealing itself as a male.

This American Beech filled its pot after two growing seasons. The repot is an opportunity to correct the planting angle and improve the nebari by removing roots growing under the trunk.

This small Trident maple is about 12 years old.

Repotting of a triple trunk Japanese Maple. The new pot is smaller and more subtil, focusing our attention towards the tree.

We barely encounter Acer palmatum dissectum trained as bonsai. They have a bad reputation because they do not respond well to partial defoliation because of their finely dissected leaves. This translates into longer development time than regular Acer palmatum. Notwithstanding that it will take me twice the time to achieve my goals, I persist with this Japanese maple of the ‘Tamukeyama’ variety purchased in 2014 in a renovation center.

I am really excited by this nebari after the third root work iteration.

This massive Hawthorn was collected 5 years ago and after two root works the nebari is taking shape.

Wiring and styling of a Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia).

Those young White Birch (or Paper Birch, Betula papyrifera) clumps were repotted in ceramics. They are three years old and were started from seeds.

This small Korean Hornbeam has a long way to go. This repot enables me to improve its base by removing some roots that emerge too high on the trunk and healing some wounds.

Repotting after two years and light wiring of this small Hawthorn.

The temperature rose to 8 deg C in the garage and this Aspen came into blossom. This is a proof that the trees are waiting for the signal to burst into life.

Tree may still look asleep but the root tips are already active inside the pots. As the photoperiod lengthens we must keep temperature cool to prevent any early budding.

Our family is growing and we needed more space to store trees in the garage which is also my cold greenhouse.

Defoliating and wiring a Magnolia x loebneri ‘Leonard Messel’.

An Hawthorn shohin.

Defoliating and wiring young Ginkgo biloba group planting.

This Acer palmatum var. dissectum ‘Tamukeyama’ was ready for a major styling. I cut back the branches to develop a more compact silhouette and improve ramification closer to the trunk. The wheeping branches were wired upwards. New branches will be grafted in spring.

This small American Beech or Fagus grandifolia originates from a sapling collected in forest in spring 2019. Its slender shape is slowly appearing. Deciduous are built over many years.

Clean-up of a Trident Maple forest created from seedlings in spring 2020.

Defoliation and fall pruning of a five-trunk Japanese Maple.

Fall pruning on a Crabapple and removal of two sacrifice branches.

Defoliation and fall pruning of a Japanese Maple.

Fall pruning of a small japanese maple.

Fall pruning of a small japanese maple.

“À l’automne, les hydrates de carbone dont le tissu chlorophyllien est gorgé, se transforment en anthocyane et colorent brillamment les feuilles de rouge pourpré. Nos bois deviennent alors incomparablement beaux. Les pentes sourceuses des Laurentides et les forêts de la plaine alluviale forment des horizons sanglants où sur le vert profond des résineux s’ajoutent, chevauchent et se fondent les gammes infinies des teintes que le rouge a sur sa palette.”

- Frère Marie-Victorin (1885-1944)
Flore laurentienne, p. 396, 397.

In 2022 I will sow the following species. The specific seed treatment steps are given at the end.

Here are pictures of a large Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) over the last year. The plant was collected on a construction site and saved from an ineluctable death.

This small Hawthorn illuminates my autumns with its scarlet red leaves.

Since the annual Montreal Bonsai and Penjing Society Exposition is cancelled, here is the tree that I intended to show. This Thuya occidentalis represents a tree that falls over the Red River. A boreal kusamono composed of an Eastern hemlock, a Red maple and a tiny fir brings a very calm understory feeling.

In fall the leaves are scorched by the sun, eaten by the insects and thorn by the wind. Their days are counted.

Slowly the green pigments are overthrown by the red (anthocyans), orange (carotenoids) and yellow (xanthophyll) pigments. The tree is pumping its sugars and nutrients from the leaves using the osmosis mechanism. The anthocyans bring frost protection and enlighten our nordic species.

In the coming days the tree will store the sugars in the soil and the starches in the living wood. Cellular death will reach the heart of the leaves and the stalk will soon be completely obstructed by a cork tissue. From this point the leaves will fall, leaving a separation mark on the branch. The leaves are sacrified for the promess of a new season.

Here are some pictures of my bonsai growing setup on top of a flat roof garage in the heart of the city. I hope this will convince you that one does not need a large garden to grow bonsai.

shade cloth

I just finished installing a 50 % shade cloth to protect my tree as they are exposed to full sun from morning to sunset. It will be used to protect more sensitive species such as Tsuga canadensis, Fagus grandifolia, Acer palmatum and my seedlings.

Here are some young Eastern Hemlocks (Tsuga canadensis) that I collected with the intent to create a forest a few years from now. They were collected in a private wood with the consent of the land owner.

This grove is very special because it has very old specimens as well as plenty of Hemlock saplings. A real Hemlock nursery !

A mature tree.

A Hemlock nursery. A magical place.

Spruces can fill up very quickly in only one season, to the point that we cannot see the structure anymore. This tree was thinned and wired in spring. Today I applied many guy wires to bring the branches down in position. I did not thin the foliage, as I want to use the wood tissue production in fall to hold the shape and maximize my wiring. Spruces do really spring back and have no memory.

I collected a few ferns, mosses and tree seedlings in the forest to create kusamonos inspired by our boreal forest.

Hemlock, Red Maple, Spruce and mosses in a seto pot.

Hemlock and fern.

Fern in a pot made by Serge Robert.

Moss on rock.

Dwarf Rose, dianthus and moss.

Here are pictures of pear tree flowers (Pyrus communis) taken on April 24, 2021.

We can clearly see the pistil (female organ) at the center surrounded by the stamen not yet deployed.

A close-up of the anther dispersing the pollen at the tip of the stamen (male organ).

Dichogamy

As we can see in the pictures above, there is a difference in the timing of the pollen release and the female organ receptivity. Nature rarely leaves things to chance and this mechanism is called dichogamy.

Oaks are a living place for many insects. Here is a beetle hiding under a leaf and an ant possibly hunting for spider mites.

Last November, I stratified Quercus bicolor or Swamp White Oak acorns that two large trees profusely procuced in a park where my kids play. Here is their progression since spring.

April 11, 2021: planting the acorns

The acorns sprouted in the refrigerator and we can see their roots through the plastic bag. I disposed them uniformly in the pots and covered them with a layer of potting mix equal to the thickness of the acorns.

Growing a wide variety of plants in a limited space brings unexpected visitors. Here are two beetles that I photographed in situ.

A beetle hunting for aphids on a quince.

Another spectacular but unknown beetle on a Virginia creeper.

On June 13, I took cuttings from a young European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) that I planted two years ago in front of my house. If everything goes as planned, I intend to make Hornbeam group plantings. I first cut as many strong shoots and soak them in water to keep them hydrated.

I only keep the top three leaves.

The base of the shoot is coated with number 3 rooting hormone.

These small birches were wired on March 5, 2021. Three months later the wire is starting to bite and is removed. I partially defoliate the trees to stimulate more interior growth.

Last December I stratified some Cercis canadensis or Eastern Redbud seeds. They were sown in March and germinated in April.

April 22, 2021

At the sight of its first true leaf, lightly hung at the end of a delicate and narrow stem, we understand why Cercis belongs to the Fabaceae family, more commonly known as the legume or pea family. Yes, a tree, one of many actually, that belongs to the bean family!

I bet you have never seen Black Birch trees this small. The cotyledons are well deployed but the true leaves have yet to come out.

I am always astonished by the strength of these small sprouts capable of lifting heavy pieces of dirt or wood to reach out for the sun.

This last picture reminds me of the United States victory at the Battle of Iwo Jima during World War II. Together the small Birches unite their forces and lift a massive piece of wood.

Early March I wired this small aspen.

This species can produce really short internodes.

April 20th, it starts to grow.

May 31

The tree grew vigourously and the wire already bit into the trunk. I must remove it and some scars will last a long time.

I rewired some branches and created a reminder in my phone calendar to check the wire again in June.

This graft on a Japanese black pine was done at the end of March. 2 months later, the buds at the tip are swelling, indicating a successful graft! I can now gradually remove the grafting tape.

Each spring I hastily wait for the blossoms of my small crabapple. It then becomes a lovely bouquet that fills my home with the perfume of roses. At this point it is impossible to hide its belonging to the Rosaceae family.

Peak blossom - May 9, 2021

Flower buds about to open - May 1, 2021

A few more days to wait. The crabapple is holding still for warmer days to welcome the pollinators.

I did not know what to do with those 20 Ginkgo biloba seedlings, so I decided to create two prehistoric forests.

The buds are about to open. The timing is ideal to repot.

I remove the soil and trim the roots to establish a flat root base.

Here is a first forest containing 14 trees.

Here is a second forest containing 5 trees.

This thuya was created during a workshop offered by the Montreal Bonsai and Penjing Society. Since this tree was ready for a repot, I changed its planting angle and experimented with a stone instead of a traditional pot.

Before cleanup in the garage (May 2, 2021)

New front and planting angle, before wiring

Root mass cleanup and reduction

Planted in the new pot

A young Japanese maple waking up with a delicate and colorful foliage. The lowest branch was grafted earlier this spring.

This young Japanese Maple forest made great progress in only 3 years. I moved it outside of the garage to the cultivation area.

This Japanese maple has a 4-branches junction half-way from the ground. Before this causes an inverse taper I decided to air-layer a small branch that will be used later for grafting. The tree is more than 1 meter tall and the trunk will also be air-layered in a year or two to build a more compact tree.

Where we want to see roots grow, the bark and cambium are removed completely to expose the xylem, on a length of at least two times the diameter.

This Red Maple (Acer rubrum) was collected at the edge of a field in spring 2019. Two years later the pot is filled with roots and I can start developping the nebari.

I removed any root growing towards the center, the bottom or crossing other roots. A large section is cut under the trunk to flatten the root mass and promote a radial distribution.

Spring is a good time to work on larches, as they tend be rather full when they wear their dense foliage.

Here is the tree coming out of cold storage

First I cut the trunk section above a small branch that I raised last year to become the new apex. A few branches were wired and the banch junctions are reduced to two.

After styling

This small Japanese maple was grown from a cutting and is in its early stage of development. I grafted a small branch near the ground to help thicken its nebari.

A channel is cut into the trunk.

The graft is held in place with a 2 mm aluminum wire.

I started this Japanese Black Pine from a seed 8 years ago. This tree is becoming too dense and the time has come to make some corrections.

First, needles on top and bottom of the branches are plucked. Needles on the sacrifice branches are also removed to let air and light reach the inside of the tree.

Branches are wired downwards.

We can graft Japanese Black pines prior to the bud break in spring. Scions from one year are taken from the same tree.

The needles and terminal bud are wrapped in grafting tape to maintain a high humidity level.

The end to be grafted is cut in a wedge shape on both sides.

A wedge is cut in the trunk.

This small shohin hawthorn is lacking a few branches along the trunk. A branch was let to grow long enough to be grafted. This graft will have three purposes: fill a void, create a back branch and heal wounds on the trunk.

Wounds that have to heal on the trunk:

A channel is grooved to receive the graft:

We check the fit and adjust as needed:

This hawthorn was repotted and defoliated last year. It is ramifying but still remains early in its development. Only a few branches are cut and repositioned using wire.

The hook technique

A wire can be anchored using a hook instead of wiring to anoher branch.

3 branches junction

A branch is removed to eliminate a three-branch junction.

Result

This Buckthorn was cultivated 4 years in wooden boxes since its collection. The time has come to reduce the root mass to its final size. This a major step towards domesticating this tree normally considered an invading species in Eastern-Canada. I will further incline the trunk towards the left and front.

Before reduction:

After reduction:

Close-up of the nebari:

This Buckthorn will make a big bunjin with over 1 meter tall. Only a few branches will be kept in the end to create a minimalistic canopy. From now on I will barely use wire and use directional pruning to exacerbate the geometric growth pattern of this species.

Before wiring.

After wiring.

A stub near the apex is removed.

The wood from the Buckthorn is surprisingly hard and shows an incendiary color.

This Japanese maple is an Acer palmatum ssp. dissectum var ‘Tamukeyama’ and was bought in 2014 in a big renovation store at a discount price. In fall, all branches were cut back close to the trunk.

Here is what the same tree looks like 6 years later:

Ramification techniques

Branch ramification is promoted by the means of the following 4 techniques or principles:

• using an inorganic substrate with medium particle sizes
• feeding solely with slow release organic fertilizer
• pruning branches every winter to balance vigour throughout the tree
• grafting new branches along the trunk

During winter pruning, branches with short internodes are wired and positioned to maximize air and light exposure in the growing season. Those with long internodes are cut-back unless we need to increase the girth of the branch and trunk section below it.

These now 2-years-old white birches were planted together in 2020. Their trunks are now fusing together and I wired them to evoke an isolated clump at the edge of a forest.

Here are two pairs of before-after shots.

These now 2-years-old ginkgo bilobas were planted together in 2020. Their trunks are now fusing together and I wired them to illustrate the typical flame shape that characterize the old ginkgos.

Here are three pairs of before-after shots.

The trees in the garage are stimulated by the sun filtering through the window. Their biological clock is ticking as days are getting longer. Even when the temperatures are hovering above the freezing point, some impatient trees already show signs of awakening in the cold of winter. Two months before we can move them outside, here are some ealy bloomers.

Acer palmatum

Chaenomeles japonica

This spring I am trying to grow the following species from seeds: Ilex verticilata, Cercis canadensis, Betula nigra and Quercus. Here is how I break the seeds dormancy for most native species from Canada.

scarification

The seeds are first soaked in boiling water and then left for 24 hours at room temperature. The ones that float are most likely sterile and are discarded.

stratification

The second step to break the seed’s embryo dormancy is to simulate a winter in the ground. The seeds are mixed with sterilized and moist sand and stored in the refrigerator between 30 and 90 days, essentially until I am ready to sow them.

After their first growing season as a forest, the trees have grown well. They must now be cut back in order to define only one clear leader per trunk. Some of the smaller trunks died and are removed. They will be replaced in the future years with cuttings taken from the taller trees. This will help increase the size diversity in the composition. Only one trunk is repositioned using a guy-wire.

April 25
confined still
ready to burst

April 30
life emerging
crunchy greens

Those one year-old Ginkgo biloba seedlings are good candidates for a group planting or Kabudachi.

The seedlings are separated in small groups.

The new forests are planted in chabasai and will grow untouched for two years until their trunks fuse together.

Seedlings selection

These trident maples or Acer buergerianum were sown in spring 2018. They come from a smaller leaves variety.

Seedlings preparation

The roots are cleaned from the media and cut in a flat shape.

Group planting

Font view.

Detail of the trunks disposition.

Side view.

These one-year-old white birch (Betula papyrifera) saplings are god candidates for a group planting or kabudachi.

The young plants are separated in groups ranging between 7 and 9 individuals, combining smaller and larger ones.

The forests are planted in 6 inches pots and will grow until the trunks fuse together.